Geology '09
Awakening Vesuvius
A study in the journal Nature, says that the next eruption could be at least as violent as the year 79 AD and reach cost the lives of 700,000 people.
They have been sleeping soundly. But experts warn that when least expected, Etna and Vesuvius will awaken from their long nap and his throat began to spit fire. The problem is that the feet of these two Italian volcanoes in an area considered of high risk lives almost a million people, to a possible eruption that could cost them their lives.
(Volcanic eruptions are considered the most dangerous forms of natural disasters. The red hot lava flow just enough time to escape) . not
Vesuvius erupted since 1944, so that each passing year, according to experts, the odds are increased, because the average since the seventeenth century is once every 28 years.
is estimated that in the so-called 'red zone' of Vesuvius (located 9 miles from Naples, the third largest city in Italy, and unanimously considered the most dangerous volcano in Europe) live some 600,000 souls. another 250,000 live in homes dangerously close to Etna, the highest active volcano in the Old Continent, located 20 miles from the Sicilian city of Catania.
Are they really aware of the danger to their lives?
In theory, and for safety reasons, for years is strictly prohibited building next to the two mountains of fire. However, thousands of people have their home with them, which is a clear challenge to the law and, above all, to nature.
Every year new homes built illegally in these dangerous locations. Suffice say that a 2007 study by Italian researchers sentence if Vesuvius a rash similar to that recorded in the year 79 AD, when under their ashes buried cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum, a 300,000 people could die.
To help prevent a tragedy foretold, the Italian authorities have launched various initiatives, including an evacuation plan. In Naples, for example, the City offers since 2003 a total of 30,000 euros to residents in the 'red zone' around the Vesuvius to leave home and move elsewhere. People do not want to leave, and also las autoridades regionales han llegado a un acuerdo con los responsables del parque Nacional del Vesubio para aprobar, cada seis meses, un programa de demolición de casas ilegales. Sin embargo, no parece fácil que el problema se llegue a resolver.
Casas ilegales : Otra vez la mano de la Camorra Napolitana
Dado que construir a los pies de esos dos volcanes es ilegal, las casas que allí se edifican no pagan permisos de construcción, ni impuestos ni están sometidas a ningún tipo de papeleo. Son edificios levantados completamente “en negro”, lo que hace que sean bastante más baratos que aquellos que have all authorizations.
Furthermore, to prevent the authorities to stop the works, times illegal construction of these houses are withering. is estimated that companies engaged in prohibited build houses in the Vesuvius National Park takes half 288 hours to build a home, from foundation to the roof. Ie about 28 days, whereas workers work ten hour days. And many of these companies also are in the hands of the Camorra, the Neapolitan mafia , or Cosa Nostra, which operates in Sicily, so prices are usually unbeatable.
That, not to mention wonderful views of they enjoy these buildings outside the law or fertilize the land that are surrounded, great for planting tomatoes and other crops.
However, those who live there also pay a high price. "If today an explosion occurred which had the Vesuvius in 79 AD, hot ash clouds would reach the center of Naples and destroy the entire city," said Giuseppe Mastrolorenzo, volcanologist Vesuvian Observatory. And if that is the fate that would await him at Naples, located 9 miles from Vesuvius, imagine what could happen with houses raised a short distance from the mountain of fire.
Experts also predict that there should not be far off the day when Vesuvius and Etna is desperecen the long siesta in the submerged bearing. Vesuvius, for example, has erupted 42 times from 1631 , meaning spitting fire about every eight years. The last time I became active was 65 years ago, in 1944, when they swept the towns of San Sebastiano al Vesuvio, Massa di Somma and part of San Giorgio in Cremano, killing 26 people.
With the aggravation that study in the journal Nature ensures that the next eruption may be at least as violent as the year 79 AD and reach cost the lives of 700,000 people.
Even in the event that the seismic monitoring plans and systems work seamlessly control could ensure that there were no deaths. "In the area of \u200b\u200bVesuvius no adequate roads or railroad tracks, so most likely the evacuation would become a mess," he said last week in Rome, Francesco Russo, president of the school of geologists in the region of Campania.
Pompeii
around noon on 24 August 79. Vesuvius, a volcano that had more than 1500 years without showing signs of activity, decided to awaken suddenly. Well, maybe not so suddenly was because the inhabitants of the slopes had a time supporting some earth tremors and other signs that to us, would be alarming. But the Romans did not know too much about volcanoes. In fact the only reference we had one was the Etna, which indeed had been observed in full eruption. But I felt a unique case and did not care more. At least until this August 24 in the cone of Vesuvius blew up in a bang violent than the atomic bombs were dropped on Japan in 1945. Few inhabitants of Pompeii fled previous days, and the explosion and lava bath took them nearly all by surprise.
The city was completely buried under ash and lava. It was taken for lost and eventually was forgotten. Up to 2 centuries ago, when excavations began to discover, with amazement, the best preserved remains of a Roman city. It was a city that had never been abandoned, and looted or destroyed. Time stopped in Pompeii in AD 79 and now in 2007, we witness the most faithful, how people lived in that city.
The eruption of Vesuvius on Pompeii and Herculaneum
Pompeii was a city of ancient Rome, near modern Naples. Pompeii is famous for the violent eruption of Vesuvius that buried the inhabitants left on 24 August AD 79
a great earthquake occurred before the city was buried in AD 62.
The volcano that caused this catastrophe was the Vesuvius, with 1281 meters high. This is a stratovolcano located in the Bay of Naples and its famous eruption buried Pompeii not only, also to the nearby city Herculaneum. This volcano was formed by the collision between the Eurasian and African plates.
When in 79 AD the volcano caused the catastrophe of Pompeii and Herculaneum, it did so peculiar that surprised the residents and now we can find the positions they held when the volcano were surprised. The ruins were discovered in the sixteenth century .
79 The eruption lasted 19 hours, which is released 3 4 km of ash and rock over a wide area south and southeast of the crater, with about 3 m. tephra falling on Pompeii. The white pumice ash associated with this eruption was mainly a composition of leucite and phonolite.
The magma came into contact with water that leaked causing a rain of volcanic ash, so does the magma began to rise about 4 hours before the eruption, the volcano's surface broke shortly after noon, causing the explosion, pushing the pumice and gases at a height of 28 km vertically, we can say that the thermal energy released was equivalent to 100,000 times that of the Hiroshima nuclear bomb. The gases and stone column was 33 km, but when it reached the maximum height collapsed, scattering the gas through a 20 km radius and causing a rain of pumice. We know that what killed so many people was not the pumice as this but were told by the ton is not fatal in itself because it has low density, but if the gas due to its toxicity did lose consciousness for lack of Oxygen, however the roofs of some houses by the weight came down and support ships for the evacuation were dedicated by the stone that fell on them.
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volcanic eruptions
Mount Vesuvius, Italy (3,360 deaths in August 24 AD 79)
Mount Vesuvius rises on the coast of the Bay of Naples and thanks to the beautiful landscape of Naples which establishes the perspective of its considerable height. Despite its scenic beauty, Mount Vesuvius has given way to a series of eruptions, including those that occur in 79 AD was violent enough to destroy the thriving Roman city of Herculaneum and Pompeii.
The rash is speculated that over 19 hours of freedom of volcanic rocks and ash enough to cover 1 tephra cubic mile area with rain. is said that this massive outbreak was ordered by several signs on the surface of the land that the Romans did not read. Recent excavations have revealed about than 1,150 human remains buried in the ashes around Pompeii and Herculaneum, which is, however, only a mere fragment of the actual number of victims.
Other major eruptions of Mount Vesuvius have registered for the years 1660, 1682, 1694, 1698, 1707, 1737, 1760, 1767, 1779, 1794, 1822, 1834, 1839, 1850, 1855, 1861, 1868, 1872, 1906, 1926, 1929 and 1944.
9. Mount Vesuvius, Italy (3500 deaths in December 1631)
Mount Vesuvius in the Gulf of Naples, Italy the record for being the only active volcano in Europe that has exploded in the last hundred years. Since Roman times, has remained Vesuvius erupting again and again with different intensity. The eruption of 1631 was a destructive nature that had its share of almost 3.500 residents of the village and its settlements. addition of molten lava, streams of boiling hot water that is released also served to aggravate the devastation.
8. Galunggung, Indonesia (4011 deaths in 1882)
This is another deadly active stratovolcanoes Indonesia, belonging to Ring Pacific Fire broke out in West Java in Indonesia in 1882. Ten Thousand Hills of Tasik Malaj on the southeastern slope of the volcano Galunggung long remained a subject of speculation for Western geologists have proposed different theories for their formation. While some suggest that the buildup of fluid lava that formed the escape, others suggest that are created artificially.
However, the increasingly more active and horseshoe-shaped volcano Galunggung are indicative of continued tectonic disturbances dating back 23,000 years. similar volcanic deposits have been discovered through exhibitions around the quarry at Mount St. Helens and Mount Shasta.
7. Kelut, Indonesia (5110 deaths in 1919)
This volcano is located in East Java and Indonesia, is known for almost 30 explosive eruptions that have marked its history since 1000 AD The eruptions occur in the years 1951, 1966 and 1990 were collectively responsible for the deaths of 250 people. The eruption of 1919 was of a magnitude that has broken all recent records from destruction, mainly due to its massive mudflow that took 5,110 lives.
was several years since the explosion of 1919 to build the tunnel AMPERA in the crater to drain the crater lake and reduce the risk of mudflows. recently as 2007, Kelut volcano erupted again but this time the Indonesian Government, alerted by scientists saved the day in advance through the elimination of 30,000 who live near her to safety.
6. Laki, Iceland (9350 deaths in 1783)
Laki is another name for Lakagígar term meaning "Laki Craters" - a barrel and Katla Eldgjá Mýrdalsjökull volcano and the Kirkjubæjarklaustur Vatnajokull glacier near the city. After the great eruption of AD 934, the story was repeated on June 8, 1783 when some 14 km three basaltic lava thickness Grímsvötn station Laki fissure volcano and flood plains.
Toxic fluorine / sulfur dioxide fumes coming from the crater devastated livestock and local people pushed his punishment for the hunger. toxic effects after this terrible Skaftáreldar (Skafte River Fire ") and following eruptions were felt throughout Europe in the form of" Laki haze ". Silvestre climate change such as drought, hail and weather patterns were bitter winters in the northern hemisphere during the years that followed.
5. Mount Unzen, Japan (14,300 deaths in 1792)
Mount Unzen stands out as an active volcano from a group of intertwined stratovolcanoes ensuring the city of Shimabara on Kyushu Island. The volcano was again active in the last decade and pyroclastic flows were reported later than 1991. However, these are nothing compared to 1792 after the eruption of the earthquake and the subsequent collapse of many domes including the eastern volcanic dome that implement Mayuyama murderer tsunamis. This was accompanied by a deadly dacitic lava flow from nearby peak Fügen-dake. The latest tests were being carried out by volcanologists to determine the possibility of repetition of such tragedies.
4. Monte Ruiz, Colombia (25,000 deaths October 1985)
Andean stratovolcano Mount Nevado del Ruiz Ruiz or is in the department of Caldas of Colombia that are inscribed in the 'Ring of Fire. " Although the volcanic cone has been active since the early Pleistocene epoch, and the subsequent eruption of 1985 mudflow were phenomenal and sufficient to end the existence of Armero. In October 1985 disaster that is 3 in the index of an explosion came as a shock from the mount. Ruiz had been dormant for 150 years.
However, was followed by a considerable before the eruption, such as issuing from fumaroles, as well as post-eruption. The magma that came with the eruptions and studies were found to be enriched in sulfur dioxide. Even now, the threat of future eruptions, tectonic looms large in the city of Manizales, located near the weak deadly Mt. Ruiz.
3. Mount Pelee, Martinique (30,000 deaths in April-May 1902)
Located on the northern fringe of Martinique, Mt. Pelee is a stratovolcano of the largest in the world that has created chaos in the city of Saint-Pierre with its enormous 1902 eruption. Saint-Pierre use of a large and prosperous city in the French Caribbean until the unlucky day of April 25 when a series of explosive eruptions announced the catastrophe of the vehicles. In no time, the streets of Saint-Pierre were covered by layers of volcanic ash.
A dark cloud of black smoke covered call nuee burning the city and claimed many more victims because of their high heat. The magnitude of the volcanic noise, the increase was only to culminate in the destruction mudflow that swept through Saint-Pierre and the town of Morne Rouge, on 5 May and claimed 30,000 lives . Only two people survived miraculously.
2. Island Krakatoa volcano, Indonesia ( 36,417 dead in August 1883)
notorious This volcanic island located between Sumatra and Java. The devastation caused by the eruptions of the series on August 26 and 27, 1883 outshone have reached the nuclear bombings of Hiroshima on the impact and sound. is heard as far away as Australia and Mauritius! The rash went to 6 of volcanic explosive index erased two-thirds of the island of Krakatoa . was followed by tsunamis that ravished all plunged the city of Merak and disorganization of vessels floating on the coast of South Africa.
Several theories have been proposed as possible causes of gigantic explosion. The most common is a phenomenon that is mixed with water table groundwater from magma to give way to enormous pressure. deadly pyroclastic flows destroyed settlements as Teluk Betung and Sirik Ketimbang in Sumatra and Semarang in Java, some of which were never repopulated.
For days after the eruption, human skeletons pumice rafts se encontraron flotando a lo largo de la costa oriental de África. Aparte de los tsunamis, las capas de ceniza caliente seguido flotan en la superficie del mar y creó las olas más pequeñas en el Canal Inglés. Impactantes cambios climáticos continuó en los años siguientes y la isla Anak ( "Niño de") Krakatoa entró en existencia.
1. Monte Tambora, Indonesia (92.000 muertes en erupción en abril de 1815)
4,300 m high, this active stratovolcano located on the island of Sumbawa of Indonesia drained the contents of its huge magma chamber in April 1815, accumulated over centuries. The impact of this measure 7 titanic volcanic eruption in the Index of explosives and was felt throughout 1816 with severe climatic changes, a mini-tsunami, volcanic ash and destruction of crops and livestock which caused a famine lasting the northern hemisphere.
estimated million tonnes. Tambora had erupted three times before 1815 increased thrust upward to 43 km in the stratosphere. The finer particles of volcanic ash in the atmosphere remains led to the creation of pronounced optical phenomenon vibrant shades of sunset. Small eruptions have continued since then suggesting that millions of tons. Tambora has been active.
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