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ECOSYSTEMS.



DEFINITION OF ECOSYSTEMS.

is the set of living things that occupy a natural space and the relations established between them and the environment in which they live .

BIOCENOSIS.

the whole population is living in an area.
individuals in the community who belong to the same species form a population.

BIOTYPE.

The place or physical environment occupied by a community that is characterized by well-defined environmental conditions.

ECOLOGY.

is the science that studies the relationships between living beings and others as well as between them and the physical environment around them. His unit of study is the ecosystem, consisting of the biotope and biocenosis.

ECOSYSTEM = BIOCENOSIS + BIOTYPE



abiotic factors.

The environment of an organism is constituted by all the factors or conditions that exist in a place where you live and which influence him at some point in their lives.
abiotic factors are the physical and chemical characteristics that have a medium. Not directly dependent on living things, although its activity can be modified.

ENVIRONMENT.

each living environment.
- Factors influence climate: temperature, light and moisture.
- hydrological factors influences: temperature, light, salinity and dissolved gases.
- Factors influencing soil: physical structure and chemical composition.

biotic factors.

are those that arise as a result of the presence of other living beings, as the struggle for food or space, or mutual aid.
is a community consisting of organisms of different species including establishing multiple relationships.
These relationships can be: intraspecific and interspecific.

terrestrial ecosystems. Biomes.

are large ecosystems of beings lived communities that occupy a physical space with specific environmental conditions. MARINE

.

· neritic: includes the area above the continental shelf.
· Ocean, located beyond the continental shelf.
· Pelagic: This is the illuminated area.
· bathyal: Located between 200 and 2,000 meters deep.
· Nether: the deepest part of the ocean.
marine areas are established according to the presence of light, the nature of the seabed, waves or currents.



trophic levels.

· Producers: They are autotrophs that produce their own organic matter from inorganic matter.
are plants, algae and photosynthetic bacteria.

· Consumers: They are heterotrophic organisms that feed on living material. There are several types:
- Primary: are the animals that feed on plants, also called herbivores.
- Secondary: feed on primary consumers. They are carnivorous animals. In some ecosystems may be tertiary or quaternary consumers.

· Decomposers: These are heterotrophic organisms that feed on remains of living organisms or their droppings and converted to inorganic compounds. Are fungi and many bacteria. PRESENTATION

trophic levels.

living beings depend on each other for food.
* The trophic structure of an ecosystem can be represented in several ways:
- A food chain consists of a linearly ordered set of organisms where each feeds off the previous serves, in turn, feed the next.
- A food web is a set of interconnected food chains in an ecosystem can be established.
- ecological trophic pyramids are forms of representation that are used to show how they change some features of the trophic levels to provide the value of the property being measured.

MATTER AND ENERGY FLOW.

organic matter serves as food producers to primary consumers of these, in turn, are eaten by secondary consumers. All of these organisms to die, generate organic waste.
- Producers convert energy solar energy into chemical energy. Passing through each trophic level of the energy is released in the breath and gave the environment as heat.
Another part of the energy goes straight to the individual organic when they die.

CHANGES IN STOCKS.

population growth is the increasing number of individuals that form over a period of time depends on the fertility, mortality, migration and immigration.
- The interactions between different species affect the size of their populations.

succession.

* Succession Primary succession is called primary if it starts in an area that has never been colonized. For example, a newly formed dunes.
* Secondary Succession: this term if it is set in an area where previously there was a community that has been partially or totally eliminated.
For example: a forest that has suffered a fire.

- A succession is not only an increase in the number of species, but the replacement of one community by another increasingly complex to reach the climax community.

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energy table. CONCEPTUAL SCHEME


ENERGY SOURCES

NAME	EXAMPLE
Hydraulic	Pantano
Thermal	Stove
Solar	A solar central
Radiant	A cat in the sun

ENERGY SOURCES

RENEWABLE	NONRENEWABLE
Sun	Coal
Wind	Petroleo
Los rios	Gas natural
Mares y océanos	Temperatura

ENERGY TRANSFORMATION

EXAMPLE	E. INITIAL	E. END
Aerogenerados	Eólica	Electrical
bulb	Eléctrica	Luz / Calor
Lavadora	Eléctrica	Cinetic
Photosynthesis in green plants	Radiant	Chemistry

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ENERGY ENERGY. HEALTH AND DISEASE




Index
topic.

1. know which is the energy.
2. distinguish different forms of energy.
3. understand the transformations of energy.
4. Sort energy sources.
5. Knowing renewable energy sources and non-renewable.
6. know the advantages and disadvantages of using different energy sources.
7. consumption and energy dissipation.

*********************************************** *********************************************

ENERGY.

Energy is a property associated with the objects and substances and is reflected in the changes that occur in nature.
energy is a quantity whose unit of measurement in the SI is the joule (J). _____



WORK.

The work is one form of energy transfer between the bodies.
To work is necessary to exert a force on a body that moves.
work, W, of a force applied to a body is equal to the product of the component of motion, Fx, by displacement, S, of the body.

W = FX • S

Force is measured in newtons (N) and displacement in meters (m). _____




POWER.

is the reaction between work and time spent. Is measured in watts, W, in the International System.
Power measures how fast a job is done, ie the speed with which takes place the transparency of energy from one body to another.

P = W / t



_____ MECHANICAL ENERGY.

It is produced by mechanical forces, such as elasticity, gravity, etc, and possess the bodies of the made to move or be displaced from its equilibrium position. Can be of two types: kinetic and potential energy (gravitational and elastic) _____



KINETIC ENERGY.

is the energy associated with the bodies are in motion, depends on the mass and velocity of the body. Example: the wind moving the blades of a windmill.

Ec = 1 / 2 mv2

kinetic energy, Ec, is measured in Joules (J), the mass, m is measured in kilograms (Kg) and the velocity, v, in meters / second (m / s) . _____



ENERGY Gravitational potential.

is the energy that has a body located at a certain height above the ground. Example: water reservoir that appears to fall and move the propeller turbine.



Ep = mgh potential energy, Ep is measured in Joules (J), the mass, m is measured in kilograms (kg), the acceleration of gravity, g, m / sq (m / s2) and the height, h, in meters (m).


_____

FORMS OF ENERGY.

can manifest itself in different ways:

ENERGY ENDS.

movement is due to the particles that constitute matter.
A low body temperature will be less heat than one that is at higher temperatures.
heat transfer from one body to another due to a difference in temperature is called heat.



ELECTRICITY.

is caused by the movement of electrical charges within three conductive materials. This energy produces mainly 3 effects: light, thermal and magnetic. Example: The electric current carried by our homes and that are manifested light a bulb.


RADIANT ENERGY.

holding is the electromagnetic waves as the lux visible, radio waves, infrared (IR), etc. The main feature of this energy is that it can propagate in a vacuum, without any material support. Example: the electricity from the sun and that comes to Earth as light and heat.


chemical energy.

is that occurring in chemical reactions. A cell or battery with this type of energy. Example: the one with the coal and burning it manifests itself. ENERGY


NUCLEAR.

energy is stored in the nucleus of atoms and that is released in nuclear reactions of fission and fusion. Example: the energy of uranium, which is manifested in nuclear reactors.



nuclear fission.

fragmentation consists of a core "heavy" (many protons and neutrons) in two nuclei of approximately the same mass, while releasing more neutrons.
neutrons emerging from fission can break other nuclei and trigger new fissions in which neutrons released other than to repeat the process again and so on, a process called chain reaction.


nuclear fission.

consists of the union of multi-core "light" (with fewer protons and neutrons) to form another more "heavy" and stable, with a large release of energy. _____




ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS.

energy is in constant transformation from one form to another. Siemprepasa energy forms useful to less useful forms. _____



PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY.

The principle of conservation of energy states that energy is neither created nor destroyed, only transformed into other shapes.
In these transformations, the total energy remains constant, ie the total energy is the same before and after each transformation.


_____

degradation of energy. A

forms of energy can be transformed into others. In these energy transformations is degraded, it loses quality.
Heat is a degraded form of energy.
For example:
· electrical power, passing through a resistance.
· The chemical energy in the combustion of some chemicals.
· mechanical energy, by shock or friction.
is defined, therefore the performance as the ratio (in% percent) between the useful energy obtained and the energy provided in a transformation. _____



ENERGY SOURCES.

are existing resources in the nature of that humanity can gain energy use in their activities. _____



RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES.

are those which, after use, can be regenerated naturally or artificially. Some of these renewable sources are subject to cycles that remain more or less constant in nature.

There are several renewable energy sources, including:
- Tidal (tides)
- hydropower (dams)
- Wind (wind)
- Solar (Sun)
- Energy from biomass (vegetation). _____




NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES.

are those found in a limited way in the placenta and whose consumption rate is greater than its regeneration.
There are several renewable energy sources, including:
· fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas)
· nuclear energy (fission and nuclear fusion)

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"Health is a state of complete physical?

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines as a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease.
- Weight: indicates the degree of normal nutrition in our body. Varies by size, sex, age and constitution.
- Pulse: is the result of pressure variations that occur during a cardiac cycle, which causes expansion and contraction of the artery walls.
- Vital Capacity: represents the maximum volume of air that can be exchanged in a single lung ventilation.
- Blood pressure is the pressure blood inside the arteries.
-Homogeneous: blood. Number and type of blood cells and plasma chemistry.
- Chemical composition of the urine indicates substances in the urine. The existence of foreign matter, normal or excessive amounts, may indicate disease.

When something is not working properly, it causes disease?

The disease is a disorder is an organic disorder or functional status negatively affects the welfare of a person.

- Traumatic Disorders: caused by traffic accidents, domestic, sporting, labor, etc. .. Example: broken bones.
- Environmental Illness: due to external causes, ie, environmental agents (cold, heat, radiation) Example: burns.
-toxic Diseases: caused by ingestion or inhalation of products harmful to the body.
- Metabolic Diseases: metabolism changes through inheritance or as a result of inadequate nutrition. Example: diabetes.
- Degenerative diseases: anatomical and functional alterations of the tissues of any organ, apparatus or system. Example: osteoarthritis.
- Diseases neopren Astica: lproliferación of cells in an organism. Example: leukemia.
- Mental Illness: affect the psychological behavior of individuals and may be due to organic brain lesions, anatomically known as is the case of phobias.
- Infectious diseases caused by an infectious agent, a microorganism that can spread from one person to another and spread the disease. Example: the flu.



Are there behaviors that encourage the development of disease?: Drug use.

- Drugs: is any substance introduced into the body affects the nervous system and causes changes in the behavior of a person. Drug dependence and tolerance.
- Unit: is the reactions that create the need for a particular substance, whether to feel its effects or to avoid discomfort that produces the deprivation of that substance ...
- Tolerance: to consume a substance repeatedly, the body adapts to them, so that to achieve the same effect sse need to increase the dose.
- Alcohol: ethyl alcohol or ethanol found in alcoholic beverages, which are obtained by fermentation of vegetable juices, sometimes followed by distillation.
- Snuff: the snuff is made from the leaves of the plant of snuff and inhaled the smoke produced by combustion. In the smoke of snuff can find various toxic substances: tar, nicotine, carbon monoxide, irritating substances.
- Drugs: drugs are substances intended for medical purposes and aims to prevent and cure diseases. Garlic should be used medical control.
- Amphetamines: activate the central nervous system, causing loss of appetite and disturb sleep.
- Barbitóricos: is used in the treatment of insomnia. In overdose may eventually lead to coma or death.
- Narcotic analgesics: are used in treatments for pain in extreme cases, as in terminal cancer patients. Example: morphine and methadone, the latter is used to treat heroin dependence.



· Psychotropic substances Cannabis: is derived from cannabis sativa plant whose leaves are made preparations such as marijuana, hashish or joints.
· Heroin appears as a white powder dissolved is injected into a vein.
· Cocaine: obtained from the daughter of coca.
· Anorexia and bulimia: are diseases that manifest as eating disorders when left untreated can endanger the lives of people who suffer.
Anorexia is characterized by a fear of body image that makes people feel and look fat when they are not.
This leads to:
* Eat less and less.
* Perform strenuous physical exercise.
* Use diuretics and laxatives.

traffic accidents: they are very common in children under 25 years. One of the causes of these accidents is the use of drugs before driving, as these reduce glare, create a false self-confidence and adaptation of reckless behavior, sensory disturbances, drowsiness, fatigue and muscle fatigue.


Do Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms?

- Microorganisms beings smaller than 0.1 mm that can only be seen salt microscope. They can consist of 1 single cell, and may even be several acellular structures.
- Bacteria: prokaryotes are unicellular organisms, ie without nuclear membrane. They have 2 involved, plasma membrane and cell wall. Some have a 3 rd envelope called capsule. Others have flagella.
In the cytoplasm there are large numbers of ribosomes and in an area of \u200b\u200bthe cytoplasm is the genetic material.
- Viruses: are living structures consist of a case or cover of proteins Call capsid that contains a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA or, never both). Have playback features, but not nutrition.
- Fungi: are unicellular organisms and heterotrophic eukaryotes. They live in damp places on dead organic matter (saprophytic fungi), inside or outside of other things that are harmful (parasitic fungi), or associated with algae to form lichens (symbiotic fungi).
- Protozoa: unicellular organisms are eukaryotes. They live in freshwater and at sea and some in liquid form part of multicellular organisms, such as blood.



"diseases infectious spread from person to person, spreading the disease?

- Direct contact: with other people or with contaminated objects. Example: syphilis and gonorrhea.
- Inhaled: water droplets or saliva laden with germs, they leave behind people when they cough or sneeze within walking distance. Example: influenza, diphtheria, tuberculosis, ...
- Ingestion: liquids or foods contaminated by germs from dirty containers, dirty hands, flies, mice and pets. Example: salmonellosis.
- For insects and other vectors: (calling or called vectors the animals that carry the disease carrying the microbe that produces it) Example: malaria.
- For indirect contact: certain actions of humans favors the transmission of germs. Example: hepatitis.


"prevented the microorganisms enter the body?

beings have developed an intricate network of defenses in order to prevent entry of microorganisms.
These defenses or barriers may be nonspecific, such as skin, mucous membranes and specialized cells that are phagocytosis in macrophages, transported by the blood and lymph.
skin and mucous membranes are the first structures defensive features a body. The skin is a very effective rapping, as microorganisms can only get through if there is breakage or injury.


Do we have specialized cells that remove foreign materials for the body?

The second defensive barrier that a microorganism is the revascularization external barriers such as skin and mucous membranes, is formed by cells to "engulf" the foreign elements, that is, treat these as if they were their food introducing them in a (phagocytic vacuole) by protrusions of the cytoplasm called pseudopodia, then run (digestive vacuoles) using substances called "Digestive enzymes", which are destroyed.


Antigens are "on alert signals to the body and it reacts by making antibodies?

The organism is capable of recognizing foreign elements (organisms, cells of another living being, etc ...) have gotten into it. Such recognition is possible because the foreign element has certain molecules that only he has.
are their antigens.


"The actions of the immune system are made on several fronts and orderly to eliminate the invader?

Each lymphocyte produces thousands of antibody molecules are released into the environment and attack him as the antigen carrier: those made by lifocitos B.
Other antibodies remain in the lymphocyte membrane which has manufactured and the lymphocyte, using antibodies, which attack the host cell antigen: T lymphocytes are


What would happen if the cells were destroyed defend us?

AIDS is a disease caused by the progressive distribution of the immune system by a virus is feared. It attacks the very core of immune system control "T4 lymphocytes" and paralyzes the defense even before they organized to combat it.

What is AIDS?
- S -
syndrome - I - immuno
- D - deficiency
- A - Acquired.

AIDS is a virus called HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is very small dimensions. And consists of a capsid protein or cover around two identical molecules of RNA, ribonicleico acid, which carries the genetic information of the virus.



How transmitting the AIDS virus?

- Sexual transmission.
- Sharing needles syringes and contaminated instruments.
- Blood transfusion and injection of blood products.
- From an infected mother to fetus.


Can we teach the immune system and get a better defense?

When lymphocytes have learned to make an antibody (which it takes a few days) and do not forget. So if
reappears immediately put the organism to produce antibodies and that is quickly eliminated. So a person who has had measles and will not suffer.
Unfortunately, in some disease-causing microorganisms are changes in antibody each year and, as no antibodies alen, the microbe causing the disease develops. Influenza is a typical case.


Can we prevent the immune system act and thus get a transplant is not rejected?

As the immune system's mission is to defend the body should be able to distinguish foreign elements from their own, so these are not targeted.
mode is identified by cells that carry antigens on their membrane. These antigens are dependent on the genes and differ in some and others. When an organ is transplanted, the recipient's body interprets invading cells have entered and attacks. This defensive reaction is stronger the more different are the antigens and, as these depend on genes, the possibility of rejection is less the closer the family relationship between donor and recipient, and genes that have more equal.



"With some chemicals, we can help our body fight disease by drugs?

Some drugs kill microorganisms and prevent others to play that produce no toxic harm us. There are medications that prevent the effects of infection without eliminating the infection or attack the microbe.

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BIOGRAPHY.

Federico Garcia Lorca.

At 18 years old.


(Fuente Vaqueros, Spain, 1898) Poet and playwright
English. The first years of childhood spent
Federico García Lorca in the rural environment of his small town of Granada, and then to study in a town of Almeria.
continued his studies at the University of Granada, he studied philosophy and literature and graduated in law. At the university he became friends with Manuel de Falla, who exerted a great influence on him, conveying his love of folklore and popular.
From 1919, he moved to Madrid at the Residencia de Estudiantes, where he met Juan Ramón Jiménez, and Machado, and befriended poets and artists of his generation as Bunuel and Dali. In this environment, Lorca was dedicated with passion not only poetry, but also became interested in theater.
However, his first play, The Curse of the Butterfly, was a failure.
In 1921 he published his first work in verse, poetry books, with which, despite accusing the romantic and modernist influences, got attention. However, the recognition and literary success of Federico García Lorca came with the publication in 1927 of songs and above all, with acclaimed performances in Madrid and continued de Mariana Pineda, patriórico drama.
Between 1921 and 1924, while working on songs, wrote a play based on Andalusian folklore, the Poema del Cante Jondo (published in 1931), a book and more unitary and matured, with which I first experienced to be a feature of his poetry: the identification with the popular and learned later stylization, and led to full maturity with the Gypsy Ballads (1928), which was an immediate success. Es una obra poetica. Está compuesta por dieciocho romances con temas como la noche, la muerte, el cielo, la luna. Todos los poemas tratan de la cultura gitana. El autor hace muchas descripciones al mundo de los gitanos. Presenta una gran sintesis entre la poesia popular y la alta, transcurre entre dos motivos centrales, Andalucía y los gitanos, tratados de manera metafórica y mítica. En él se funden lo popular y lo culto para cantar al pueblo por un trágico destino.
Formalmente, Lorca consiguió un lenguaje personal, inconfundible, que reside en la asimilación de elementos y formas populares combinados con audaces metáforas, y con una estilización propia de las formas de poesía pura con que se etiquetó their generation.
Following this success, Lorca went to New York where he lived as an intern during the academic year 1929-1930.
the city prints printed in his mind materialized in POET IN NEW YORK (published posthumously in 1940).
Back in Spain, Federico García Lorca in 1932 was appointed director of the cabin, university theater company that they intended to bring the peoples of Castilla-century classic drama Golden
The latest works of Federico García Lorca plays are . Yerma (1934) is a real tragedy traditional way, including the protagonist chorus commenting on the action. BLOOD WEDDING (1933) is a tragedy, was released on March 8, 1933 in the theater Beatrice, and was filmed in 1981, is a poetic and theatrical production focuses on a tragic sense analisisde. Since life and death to the ancient and the modern in the way of seeing the tragedy. All of this in a tragic and universal Andalusian landscape. Among them are: The House of Bernarda Alba considered his masterpiece, was also the last, since that same year at the outbreak of civil war, was arrested by Franco's forces and shot ten days later under unclear allegations pointing poet played the role of free-thinking and character susceptible to alter the order.


Final of The House of Bernarda Alba
in the autograph manuscript of Lorca.



Poem: FUCK AND DEATH

At five in the afternoon.
was five o'clock in the afternoon.
A boy brought the white sheet
at five in the afternoon.
A basket of lime
at five in the afternoon.
The rest was death and only death
at five in the afternoon.

Wind
cottons was at five in the afternoon.
And the oxide scattered crystal and nickel
at five in the afternoon.
already fighting the dove and the leopard
at five in the afternoon.
A thigh with a desolate horn
at five o'clock.
Bourdon started the sound
at five in the afternoon.
Arsenic bells and smoke
at five in the afternoon.
In quiet corners
groups at five in the afternoon. And the bull
trembles!
at five in the afternoon.
When the sweat of snow was coming
to five p.m.
when the square was covered with iodine
at five in the afternoon, put the death

eggs in the wound at five in the afternoon.
At five in the afternoon.
At five o'clock in the afternoon.

A coffin on wheels is
bed at five in the afternoon.
Bones and flutes resound in his ear
at five in the afternoon.
The bull was bellowing through his forehead
at five in the afternoon.
The fourth
was iridescent with agony at five in the afternoon.
Far
gangrene at five o'clock. Trunk
the green lily English
at five in the afternoon.
wounds
burning like suns at five in the afternoon,
and
crowd was breaking windows at five in the afternoon.
At five in the afternoon.
¡Ay, qué terribles cinco de la tarde!
¡Eran las cinco en todos los relojes!
¡Eran las cinco en sombra de la tarde!

Lorca con la actriz Margarita Xirgu y Cipriano Rivas en la presentacion de Yerma (1934).